Time and Temperature Influence on Chemical Aging Indicators for a Commercial Cheddar Cheese

Cooling freshly formed Cheddar cheese requires close control for uniform and consistent flavor. Cheese in 18–kg blocks collected after pressing, at 30–35°C was used. Samples were cooled rapidly to 12 25°C as small pieces individually vacuum-wrapped at a local production site. The extent of proteolysis, total acidity, pH, lactose and organic acids was quantified after storage at these temperatures. Theoretical and empirical equations describing the influence of time and temperature on these chemical indicators were developed through nonlinear statistical methods. The kinetic expressions were applied to generate recommendations for the cooling rate and subsequent aging temperature of Cheddar cheese blocks.     

不同常压蒸煮条件下荛花纸干热老化性能研究

荛花纸是一种优质的手工纸,坚韧耐久。为更好地评价和提高其耐久性,以荛花皮为原料,K₂CO₃和NaOH为蒸煮化学品,在常压、100 ℃的条件下蒸煮、抄纸,通过干热加速老化实验,探究不同蒸煮条件对荛花纸耐久性的影响,并借助纸张白度、强度及化学性能等进行分析评价。结果表明,蒸煮条件影响纸张耐久性,弱碱蒸煮可明显提高纸张的耐老化性,K₂CO₃（用量12%,蒸煮时间6 h）蒸煮所得荛花纸耐久性较好,老化80天后纸张抗张强度、耐折度、撕裂度及聚合度的保留率分别为94.2%、19.6%、47.9%和66.9%。蒸煮程度越大,纸张返黄程度越大,纤维长度、聚合度及纸张强度下降趋势越显著,纸张酸化越严重。此外,随着老化时间的延长,纸张中纤维素结晶度下降、羧基含量增加,纤维表面出现皱缩、纤维脆化等现象。     

Aging and Enhancement Effects on Quality Characteristics of Beef Strip Steaks

ABSTRACT: Strip loins were removed 48 h postmortem from beef sides ( n = 20 pairs) to assess the effects of enhancement before or after aging on quality attributes of beef strip steaks. Strip loins were enhanced to 108% of original weight to contain 0.4% alkaline phosphate, 0.3% salt, 0.1% natural flavoring (on a final weight basis), and added water for comparison with non-enhanced samples. Regardless of when enhancement occurred relative to aging, enhanced samples were more tender, juicy, and salty than their non-enhanced counterparts. Enhanced samples were lighter, less red and less yellow, and had lower L *, a *, and b * values than non-enhanced samples; however, they generally had lower hue angles indicating that their color was closer to the true red axis of the color scale. Samples enhanced before aging achieved maximum tenderness after 14 d, whereas those enhanced after aging experienced no tenderness changes. Warner- Bratzler shear values were lower and pH values were higher in enhanced steaks than in controls.     

水稻贮藏特性与籼粳基因型的关系

实现以PCR为基础的水稻种质的耐储藏性检测,将大大加快水稻及其他粮食作物耐储藏品种的培育和推广。本研究首先使用12个籼粳特异性PCR标记对育种与生产中常用的35个籼粳稻进行基因型鉴定,然后,依据基因型信息的聚类分析,将不同籼粳基因型水稻分为籼型、偏籼型、偏粳型和粳型共4类。结果表明,籼型和偏籼型品种老化指数均小于50%,而偏粳型和粳型水稻材料则大多不耐储藏或储藏性较差,偏粳型材料较粳型材料耐储藏性好,并且储藏后粳稻的总酸变化较剧烈。利用籼粳特异性标记的籼粳基因型分析与籼粳型态指标结合可以快捷、简便而有效的鉴别特殊的耐储藏品种,为耐储藏品种筛选与育种提供基础。     

The antioxidant activity of Californian red wines does not correlate with wine age

A range of physico‐chemical properties of 21 Californian red wines from 1 to 28 years old were correlated with wine age. The level of monomeric phenolics and low molecular‐weight phenolic oligomers decreased with age, while the level of high molecular‐weight phenolics increased. On the other hand, total phenols given by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, antioxidant capacity determined using a controlled chain reaction of methyl linoleate and the intensity of the anodic peak determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) did not show any significant correlation with wine age. Total phenols and the shapes of CV traces were more dependent on the grape variety and the particular viticultural and wine‐making practices rather than on wine age. At the same time, young and aged wines showed a pronounced difference in the shape of [O₂] traces recorded during the oxidation of methyl linoleate in a micellar solution inhibited by wine addition. Possible reasons why the antioxidant activity of red wines does not correlate with wine age are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

新鲜葡萄酒高强电磁场人工催陈研究

通过采用高强电场处理设备对2002年产新鲜干红葡萄酒进行了人工催陈研究，发现当处理电场强度为3KV／cm，频率为1000Hz，处理时间5min时，与对照相比，酒体变得陈香明显加强，口感柔和协调，更加饱满。     

细胞凋亡对牦牛肉成熟过程中品质的影响

为研究宰后牦牛肉在成熟过程中前驱肱三头肌(TB)、中部背最长肌(ML)、后驱半膜肌(SM)中细胞凋亡过程对其品质变化的影响,选取24头甘南黑牦牛按照伊斯兰方式进行屠宰,于0~4℃、风速0.5 m/s条件下成熟,在成熟过程中不同时间点(1、3、5、7 d)进行剪切力、MFI、肉色、蒸煮损失、细胞凋亡率以及caspase-3活力测定。TB、ML和SM在宰后1~5 d剪切力值显著降低(p0.05),MFI显著上升(p0.01);L*、a*、b*值在宰后3 d显著升高(p0.01);蒸煮损失在宰后1~7 d呈先上升后下降的趋势;宰后5~7d TB、SM的细胞凋亡率在是一个极显著增加的过程(p0.01),宰后7 d,TB和ML中阳性细胞核数量差异极显著(p0.01);TB、ML和SM在宰后0.5 h检测到caspase-3活力,宰后12 h ML的caspase-3达到最高活力。相关性分析中宰后牦牛肉中凋亡率的变化、caspase-3活力的变化与成熟过程中嫩度、肉色和持水力的变化是显著相关的。结果说明,牦牛肉宰后成熟过程中细胞凋亡的发生,及其程度的加深与牦牛肉品质变化是同步进行的。     

基于决策树理论的风电功率实时预测方法

风电功率的不确定性会对电网造成冲击,风电功率实时预测是缓解电网调频压力,保证电网稳定运行的重要手段.通过分析两种单一预测模型的特点,提出一种基于历史数据和NWP数据相结合的组合预测模型.分析历史数据的序列特征和适用的预测方法,建立决策树分类模型,在预测时通过时数据序列特征分析,选择最佳预测方法.针对两不同风电场的数据进行预测分析,结果表明,组合模型预测精度高于单一模型,通过决策树模型进行实时序列特征分析,并选配最佳预测模型能有效提高预测精度.     

基于双端电气量的配电线路故障定位方法

配电线路的故障定位技术对维护电力系统的稳定运行起到了重要作用。文章以R-L线路模型为基础,提出了一种基于电压、电流正序分量的配电线路故障定位方法,该方法首先对配电线路两端测量点的电压、电流相量进行检测,得到正序电压、电流相量矩阵,然后结合线路故障系数矩阵及线路阻抗参数建立定位函数,实现故障定位。仿真实验表明,该方法计算量小,受故障电阻、故障位置等因素影响较小,鲁棒性好,对配电网线路故障定位的精度较高,具有广泛的应用前景。